[語源]quarantine



因為義大利北部上周爆發COVID-19疫情,威尼斯著名的嘉年華活動也提早結束 ("the final two days of the Venice carnival have been cancelled.")。

令人聯想到,跟疫情有關的隔離(quarantine)一字,正與威尼斯的歷史有關


約莫中世紀(Wikipedia、US CDC等說是14世紀、Oxford字典說17世紀...)時期,
因疫情蔓延 (黑死病[Black Death],也就是鼠疫[plague];14世紀大流行之後,17世紀中期前後在義大利也曾經再度流行)

而威尼斯又是海洋商貿繁盛之都,
因此要求所有來自疫區港口的船隻,需停留40天之後確認人員皆無症狀才能靠岸。

這「40天」的義大利文,正是quaranta giorni
演變成為 quarantine (隔離)一字。

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8i3oML3psyEsbkjCikEyWzD5uhiPJZKYwoUDwGixs/0+l+4wudKDKVjcSTWBkZ3OnIRr56QEp4GHS0PB8LQZ1cw2vAy8F9FQ+Bd2FvTD8rzjvzHhxxCAchWDcvgHsvyTt/sPK+Qs7kCeSLAu3nS5SbdAwDMgr7uoSMkn2+hoDpA7w+30tgMLpE7H/JkS8y3OfuKE8f4v6jO9QtOQ7a53p4GB0JUUla4nnRVs7Tfv4NeTAvhPZL26jTJ0zKszubGyY9FrfBxc7ZioqXjXg4CgWGw/UmYkUUsFixhB2FJhssUzEkkBW5AeENeZDYEQXuFK61JGIUFScbkqqEQ3H+T30UFRfaEaKEJWr/BxKhSgF159LsAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC
  (source)




《公共衛生大百科》(Encyclopedia of Public Health: Principles, People, and Programs) 一書的quarantine詞條則提到,早在西元6世紀就有類似做法。

威尼斯則是在1348年祭出船隻隔離手段,更成立委員會來執行,以防杜黑死病傳入城內。更於1403年設置史上第一個檢疫站(quarantine station)。




 ➤ 總結

大致上,一般說法皆為:

quarantine來自義大利文的40天期間(quaranta giorni),且係出自中世紀威尼斯的作法。


➤ 然而,可能因為年代久遠,細節上眾說紛紜。


例如,有2種說法皆提到西元1377年的隔離措施紀錄,
  • 一個說是 威尼斯,(比上述提到的1348年晚)
  • 一個卻說是 亞得里亞海另一城邦拉古薩(Ragusa,今Dubrovnik),不但比威尼斯更早,且當時採取的是30天(trentinotrentatré) ---- 如果是這樣,那麼後來普及化的隔離一詞恐怕就會是trentine、trentatine之類的字了
    • 補充:後來又查到這篇文章,提到拉古薩原來當時是在威尼斯控制之下;這篇很有趣,是義大利通寫的。
  • 不過,17世紀晚期開始,漸漸的,quarantine一詞開始擴大使用,無論隔離多久,都用這個字。

➤好奇寶寶會不會想問:為什麼是40天?

再者,明明語源指的是隔離40天,那SARS、COVID-19為什麼是隔離14天?
難道是因為反映現代人忙碌生活,四十天太久了,就倒過來變十四?(⇽絕對只是開玩笑亂講的)
➲正經的解釋:

1.可能與基督教有關:
  • 耶穌受洗後曾40天齋戒 (馬太福音4:2路加福音4:1);摩西在西奈山也曾守齋40天(出埃及記34:28)
  • 大齋期 (the Lent) [天主教會、東正教會稱四旬期,信義宗稱預苦期,拉丁教會稱Quadragesima,意即四十天]。整個節期從大齋首日(Ash Wednesday)開始至復活節止,一共四十天。 
2. 可能與希臘醫學有關:
西方譽為醫學之父的古希臘醫學家Hippocrates (早期醫界的希波克拉底誓[Hippocratic Oath]便可追溯至此人)曾有「關鍵病程」理論,大約是說疾病發展過程中重要的關鍵期(critical days);有人說是40天。









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